School shooting

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A school shooting is an incident in which gun violence occurs at an educational institution.

Contents

Definition

The term school shooting most commonly describes acts committed by either a student or intruders from outside the school campus. They are to be distinguished from crowd-containment shootings by law-enforcement personnel, such as the shootings at Kent State and Jackson State in the United States, or the October 6, 1976 Massacre in Thailand. They are also differentiated from other kinds of school violence, such as the mass killings of the Bath School disaster (which involved a homemade bomb rather than shooting), the Cologne school massacre (which involved a flamethrower); or terror attacks involving multiple kinds of weapons, such as the Ma'alot massacre, or the Beslan school hostage crisis in which at least 334 hostages were killed, including 186 children.

One of the most prominent school shootings was that at Columbine High School, near Littleton, Colorado. On Tuesday, April 20, 1999, students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold murdered thirteen people (twelve students and one teacher) on the school campus before they committed suicide, for a total of fifteen deaths. 24 others were wounded. The shooting was initially planned as a bombing, followed by the shooting of survivors.

In the United States, one-on-one public-school violence, such as beatings and stabbings or gang related violence, is more common in some densely-populated areas. Inner-city or urban schools were much more likely than other schools to report serious violent crimes, with 17 percent of city principals reporting at least one serious crime compared to 11 percent of urban schools, 10 percent of rural schools, and five percent of suburban schools in the 1997 school year.[1] However school shootings in other countries may take on more national or religious overtones, such as the Mercaz HaRav massacre.

Profiling

School shooting is a topic of intense interest in the United States.[2] Though companies like MOSAIC Threat Assessment Systems sell products and services designed to identify potential threats, a thorough study of all United States school shootings by the U.S. Secret Service[3] warned against the belief that a certain "type" of student would be a perpetrator. Any profile would fit too many students to be useful and may not apply to a potential perpetrator. Some lived with both parents in "an ideal, All-American family." Some were children of divorce, or lived in foster homes. A few were loners, but most had close friends. Some experts such as Alan Lipman have warned against the dearth of empirical validity of profiling methods.

While it may be simplistic to assume a straightforward "profile", the study did find certain similarities among the perpetrators. "The researchers found that killers do not 'snap'. They plan. They acquire weapons. These children take a long, considered, public path toward violence."[4] Princeton's Katherine Newman has found that, far from being "loners", the perpetrators are "joiners" whose attempts at social integration fail, and that they let their thinking and even their plans be known, sometimes frequently over long periods of time.

Many of the shooters told Secret Service investigators that alienation or persecution drove them to violence. According to the United States Secret Service, (see Fein, R.A., Vossekuil, B., Pollack, W., Borum, R., Reddy, M.,& Modzeleski, W. Threat assessment in schools: A guide to managing threatening situations and creating safe school climates. U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Secret Service, May, 2002 for the research and the recommendations therefrom), instead of looking for traits, the Secret Service urges adults to ask about behavior:

“ 1. What has this child said?
2. Do they have grievances?
3. What do their friends know?
4. Do they have access to weapons?
5. Are they depressed or despondent?[5]		 ”


One "trait" that has not yet attracted as much attention is the gender difference: nearly all school shootings are perpetrated by young males, and in some instances the violence has clearly been gender-specific. Bob Herbert addressed this in an October 2006 New York Times editorial.[6] Only two female school shooting incidents have been documented.[7][8]

Another reported similarity is that most of the perpetrators had been taking antidepressant drugs,[9][10][11] which have a documented history of producing violence and aggression as a side effect.[12][13]

School shootings receive extensive media coverage and are infrequent.[14] They have sometimes resulted in nationwide changes of schools' policies concerning discipline and security. Some experts have described fears about school shootings as a type of moral panic.[15]

Such incidents may also lead to nationwide discussion on gun laws.[16]

History of School Shootings in the United States

1700s

The earliest known United States shooting to happen on school property was the Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre on July 26, 1764, where four Lenape American Indian entered the schoolhouse near present-day Greencastle, Pennsylvania, shot and killed schoolmaster Enoch Brown, and killed nine or ten children (reports vary). Only two children survived.[17]

1800s

• November 2, 1853 Louisville, Kentucky A student, Matthew Ward, bought a self-cocking pistol in the morning, went to school and killed Schoolmaster Mr. Butler for excessively punishing his brother the day before. Even though he shot the Schoolmaster point blank in front of his classmates, he was acquitted.[18]

An April 30, 1866 editorial in the New York Times argued against students carrying pistols, citing "...pistols being dropped on the floor at balls or being exploded in very inconvenient ways. A boy of 12 has his pantaloons made with a pistol pocket; and this at a boarding-school filled with boys, who, we suppose, do or wish to do the same thing. We would advise parents to look into it, and learn whether shooting is to be a part of the scholastic course which may be practiced on their boys; or else we advise them to see that their own boys are properly armed with the most approved and deadly-pistol, and that there may be an equal chance at least of their shooting as of being shot."[19]

• June 8, 1867 New York City At Public School No. 18, a 13 year old lad brought a pistol loaded and capped, without the knowledge of his parents or school-teachers, and shot and injured a fellow classmate.[20]

• December 22, 1868 Chattanooga, Tennessee A boy who refused to be whipped and left school, returned with his brother and a friend, the next day to seek revenge on his teacher. Not finding the teacher at the school, they continued to his house, where a gun battle rang out, leaving three dead. Only the brother survived.[21]

• March 9, 1873 Salisbury, Maryland After school as Miss Shockley was walking with four small children, she was approached by a Mr. Hall and shot. The Schoolmaster ran out, but she was dead instantly. Hall threw himself under a train that night.[22]

• May 24, 1879 Lancaster, New York As the carriage loaded with female students was pulling out of the school's stables, Frank Shugart a telegraph operator shot and severely injured Mr. Carr, Superintendent of the stables.[23]

• March 6, 1884 Boston, Massachusetts As news of Jesse James reached the east coast, young kids started to act in the same manner. An article from the New York Times reads, "Another "Jesse James" Gang - "Word was brought to the Fifth Police Station to-night that a number of boys were using the Concord-street School-house for some unknown purpose, and a posse of officers was sent to investigate. The gang scattered at the approach of the police, and in their flight on drew a revolver and fired at Officer Rowan, without effect, however. William Nangle, age 14, and Sidney Duncan, age 12, were captured, but the other five or six escaped, among them the one who who did the shooting. The boys refused to disclose the object of their meeting, but it is thought that another "Jesse James" organization has been broken up."[24]

• March 15, 1884 Gainsville, Georgia In the middle of the day, a group of very drunk Jackson County farmers left the Jug Tavern drinking and shooting their revolvers as they headed down the street driving people into their homes. As they approached the female academy, the girls fled the schoolyard into the school where the gang followed swearing and shooting, firing several rounds into the front door. No one was hurt.[25]

• July 4, 1886 Charleston, South Carolina During Sunday school, Emma Connelly shot and killed John Steedley for "circulating slanderous reports" about her, even though her brother publicly whipped him a few days earlier.[26]

• April 12, 1887 Watertown, New York Edwin Bush, a student a the Potsdam Normal School committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.[27]

• June 12, 1887 Cleveland, Tennessee Will Guess went to the school and fatally shot Miss Irene Fann, his little sister's teacher, for whipping her the day before.[28]

• June 13, 1889 New Brunswick, New Jersey Charles Crawford upset over an argument with a school Trustee, went up to the window and fired a pistol into a crowded school room. The bullet lodged in the wall just above the teacher's head.[29]

The first known mass shooting in the U.S. where students were shot, was on April 9, 1891, when 70 year old, James Foster fired a shotgun at a group of students in the playground of St. Mary's Parochial School, Newburgh, New York, causing minor injuries to several of the students.[30] The majority of attacks during this time period by students on other students or teacher, usually involved stabbing with knives, or hitting with stones.

1900–1930s

There are very seldom reports of mass or multiple school shootings during the first three decades of the 20th Century, with the three most violent attacks on schools involving either arson or explosions.

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

The two most notable U.S. school shootings in the early 1970s were the Jackson State killings in May 1970, where police opened fire on the campus of Jackson State University and the Kent State shootings also in May 1970 where the National Guard opened fire on the campus of Kent State University.

The mid to late 1970s is considered the second most violent period in U.S. school history with a series of school shootings, most notably were;

• December 30, 1974 Olean, New York, Anthony Barbaro, a 17-year-old Regents scholar armed with a rifle and shotgun, kills three adults and wounds 11 others at his high school, which was closed for the Christmas holiday. Barbaro was reportedly a loner who kept a diary describing several "battle plans" for his attack on the school.[31]

• June 12, 1976 California State University, Fullerton massacre, where the school's custodian opened fire with a semi-automatic rifle in the library on the California State University, Fullerton campus killing 7, and wounding 2.

• February 22, 1978 Lansing, Michigan After being taunted for his beliefs, a 15-year-old self-proclaimed Nazi, kills one student and wounds a second with a Luger pistol.[31]

• January 29, 1979 Grover Cleveland Elementary School Shootings, California, where a 16yr old girl opened fire with the rifle, a gift from her father, killing 2 and wounding 9.

1980s

The early 1980s saw only a few multi-victim school shootings including;

• January 20, 1983 St. Louis County, Missouri the Parkway South Middle School, eighth grader brought a blue duffel bag containing two pistols, and a murder/suicide note that outlined his intention to kill the next person heard speaking ill of his older brother Ken. He entered a study hall classroom and opened fire, hitting two fellow students. The first victim, was fatally shot in the stomach, and the second victim received a non-fatal gunshot wound to the abdomen. Then he said, "no one will ever call my brother a pussy again" then committed suicide.

According to the Center to Prevent Handgun Violence, in the United States, from September 1986 to September 1990 (four year period):[32]

According to a 1987 survey conducted by the American School Health Association,[33]" 3% of the boys reported having carried a handgun to school at least once during the school year; 1% reported carrying a handgun on a daily basis."

The late 1980s began to see a major increase in school shootings including;

• September 4, 1985 Richmond, Virginia At the end of the second day of school from the East End Middle School a 12yr old boy shot a girl with his mother's gun.[34]

• October 18, 1985 Detroit, Michigan During halftime of the homecoming football game between Northwestern High School and Murray-Wright High School. A boy who was in a fight earlier that day, pulled out a shotgun and opened fire injuring six students.[35]

• November 26, 1985 Spanaway, Washington A 14yr old girl shot two boys dead then kills herself with a .22-caliber rifle at the Spanaway Junior High School.[36]

• December 9, 1985 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania At the Archbishop Ryan High School for Boys, a 22yr old Mental health patient took 6 students hostage with what ended up being a starter pistol. No one was hurt in the ordeal.

• December 10, 1985 Portland, Connecticut At the Portland Junior High School, the Principal was having a heated discussion with a 13-year-old male eighth-grader when he locked the boy inside an office. The student then pulled out a 9mm assault rifle and opened fire. The bullet shattered the glass door and struck the left forearm of the secretary and the glass injured the Principal. The boy fled for the 2nd floor, were he encountered the janitor, and he shot him in the head. The boy then took a seventh-grader hostage. The boy's father and another family member came to the school and talked to him over the intercom system. After 45 minutes, he tossed the gun out a school window and was taken into custody.[37]

• May 16, 1986 The Cokeville Elementary School hostage crisis In a ransom scheme, David and Doris Young, both in their forties, took 150 students and teachers hostage on this spring day. Their demand for $300 million dollars came to an abrupt end when Doris accidentally set off a bomb, killing herself and injuring 78 students and teachers. David wounded John Miller, a teacher who was trying to flee, then killed himself.

• March 2, 1987 Missouri an honours student Nathan Ferris, 12, killed a classmate and then himself.[38]

• May 20, 1988 Winnetka, Illinois 30yr old Laurie Dann shot and killed one boy, and wounded five other kids, in an elementary school, then took a family hostage and shot a man before killing herself.

• September 26, 1988 Greenwood, South Carolina In the cafeteria of the Oakland Elementary School 19 year-old James William Wilson Jr., shot and killed Shequilla Bradley, 8 and wounded eight other children with a 9-round .22 caliber pistol. He went into the girls restroom to reload where he was attacked by Kat Finkbeiner, a Physical Education teacher. James shot her in the hand and mouth. He then entered 3rd grade classroom and wounded six more students.

• December 16, 1988 Virginia Beach, Virginia Nicholas Elliott, 15, opened fire with a SWD Cobray M-11 semiautomatic pistol on his teachers at the Atlantic Shores Christian School. His first shots struck teacher Karen Farley in the arm; when she went down he killed her at point blank range. Nicholas then injured Sam Marino. He turned the Cobray toward his classmates, but the gun jammed and he was quickly subdued by M. Hutchinson Matteson, a teacher, before he could fire another round.

• January 17, 1989 Cleveland School massacre of Stockton, California where 5 school children were killed and 29 wounded by a single gunman firing over 100 rounds into a schoolyard from an AK-47[39]

1990s

From the late 1980s to the early 1990s the United States saw a sharp increase in gun and gun violence in the schools. According to a survey conducted by The Harvard School of Public Health[40] "15% said that they had carried a handgun on their person in the past 30 days, and 4% said that they had taken a handgun to school in the past year." a sharp increase from just five years earlier. By 1993, the United States saw some of the most violent time is school shooting incidences.

• May 1, 1992 Olivehurst, California Eric Houston, 20, killed four people and wounded 10 in an armed siege at his former high school. Prosecutors said the attack was in retribution for a failing grade.

According to the National School Safety Center, since the 1992-1993 U.S. school year there has been a significant decline in school-associated violent deaths (deaths on private or public school property for kindergarten through grade 12 and resulting from schools functions or activities):[41]

According to the U.S. Department of Education, in the 1998-1999 School Year, 3,523 Students (57% High School, 33% Junior High, 10% Elementary) were expelled for bringing a firearm to school.[42]

The late 1990s started to see a major reduction in gun related school violence, but was still plagued with multiple victim shootings including;

• October 12, 1995 Blackville, South Carolina A suspended student shot two math teachers with a .32 caliber revolver.

• November 15, 1995 Lynnville, Tennessee A seventeen-year-old boy shot and killed a student and teacher with a .22 rifle.

• February 2, 1996 Moses Lake, Washington Two students and one teacher killed, one other wounded when 14-year-old Barry Loukaitis opened fire on his algebra class.[43]

• February 19, 1997 Bethel, Alaska Principal and one student killed, two others wounded by Evan Ramsey, 16.[43]

• October 1, 1997 Pearl, Mississippi Two students killed and seven wounded by Luke Woodham, 16, who was also accused of killing his mother. He and his friends were said to be outcasts who worshiped Satan.[44]

• December 1, 1997 West Paducah, Kentucky Three students killed, five wounded by Michael Carneal, 14, as they participated in a prayer circle at Heath High School.[45]

• December 15, 1997 Stamps, Arkansas Two students wounded. Colt Todd, 14, was hiding in the woods when he shot the students as they stood in the parking lot[46]

• March 24, 1998 Jonesboro, Arkansas Four students and one teacher killed, ten others wounded outside as Westside Middle School emptied during a false fire alarm. Mitchell Johnson, 13, and Andrew Golden, 11, shot at their classmates and teachers from the woods[47]

• April 24, 1998 Edinboro, Pennsylvania One teacher, John Gillette, killed, two students wounded at a dance at James W. Parker Middle School. Andrew Wurst, 14, was charged.[48]

• May 21, 1998 Springfield, Oregon Two students killed, 22 others wounded in the cafeteria at Thurston High School by 15-year-old Kip Kinkel. Kinkel had been arrested and released a day earlier for bringing a gun to school. His parents were later found dead at home[49]

• June 15, 1998 Richmond, Virginia One teacher and one guidance counselor wounded by a 14-year-old boy in the school hallway[49]

• April 20, 1999 Littleton, Colorado 14 students (including shooters) and one teacher killed, 27 others wounded at Columbine High School in the nation's deadliest school shooting. Eric Harris, 18, and Dylan Klebold, 17, had plotted for a year to kill at least 500 and blow up their school. At the end of their hour-long rampage, they turned their guns on themselves.[49]

• May 20, 1999 Conyers, Georgia Six students injured at Heritage High School by Thomas Solomon, 15, who was reportedly depressed after breaking up with his girlfriend[50]

2000s - Present

Notable school shootings

Main article: List of school-related attacks

North America

United States

Name Location Date Year Number of Victims
University of Texas Massacre Austin, Texas August 1 1966 16
Olean High School shooting1 Olean, New York December 30 1974 3
St. James Grammar School Penns Grove, New Jersey February 24 1975 1 killed 2 wounded
Princeton Day School Princeton, New Jersey April 3 1975 1 wounded
California State University, Fullerton massacre Fullerton, California July 12 1976 7
Cleveland Elementary School shooting San Diego, California January 29 1979 2
Deer Creek Middle School shooting Littleton, Colorado April 7 1982 1
Parkway South Middle School shooting Manchester, Missouri January 20 1983 2
Goddard Middle School shooting Goddard, Kansas January 21 1985 1
Portland Junior High School shooting Portland, Connecticut December 10 1985 1
Pine Forest Senior High School Fayetteville, North Carolina May 6 1986 0
Pinellas Park High School Largo, Florida February 11 1988 1
Hubbard Woods School shooting Winnetka, Illinois May 20 1988 1
Atlantic Shores Christian School shooting Chesapeake, Virginia December 16 1988 1
Cleveland School massacre Stockton, California January 17 1989 6
University of Iowa shooting Iowa City, Iowa November 1 1991 6
Lindhurst High School shooting Olivehurst, California May 1 1992 4
Palo Duro High School shooting Amarillo, Texas September 11 1992 0
Berkner High School shooting Richardson, Texas November 6 1992 1
Edward Tilden High School shooting Chicago, Illinois November 20 1992 1
Simon's Rock College of Bard shooting Great Barrington, Massachusetts December 14 1992 2
East Carter High School shooting Grayson, Kentucky January 18 1993 2
Fairfax High School shooting Los Angeles, California January 21 1993 1
Amityville High School shooting Amityville, New York February 1 1993 1
Reseda High School shooting Reseda, California February 22 1993 1
Wauwatosa West High School shooting Wauwatosa, Wisconsin December 1 1993 1
Central Middle School shooting Sheridan, Wyoming September 17 1993 1
Margaret Leary Elementary School shooting Butte, Montana April 12 1994 1
Grimsley High School shooting Greensboro, North Carolina October 12 1994 1
Wickliffe Middle School shooting Wickliffe, Ohio November 7 1994 1
Blackville-Hilda High School shooting Blackville, South Carolina October 12 1995 2
Richland High School shooting Lynnville, Tennessee November 15 1995 2
Frontier Middle School shooting Moses Lake, Washington February 2 1996 3
Hamilton High School shooting Scottdale, Georgia February 2 1996 1
San Diego State University shooting San Diego, California August 15 1996 3
Hetzel Union Building shooting State College, Pennsylvania September 17 1996 1
Bethel Regional High School shooting Bethel, Alaska February 19 1997 2
Pearl High School shooting Pearl, Mississippi October 1 1997 2
Heath High School shooting Paducah, Kentucky December 1 1997 3
Westside Middle School shooting Jonesboro, Arkansas March 24 1998 5
Parker Middle School dance shooting1 Edinboro, Pennsylvania April 24 1998 1
Thurston High School shooting Springfield, Oregon May 21 1998 2
Columbine High School massacre Littleton, Colorado April 20 1999 13
Heritage High School shooting Conyers, Georgia May 20 1999 0
Fort Gibson Middle School shooting Fort Gibson, Oklahoma December 6 1999 0
Buell Elementary School shooting Mount Morris Township, Michigan February 29 2000 1
Lake Worth Middle School shooting Lake Worth, Florida May 26 2000 1
University of Arkansas shooting Fayetteville, Arkansas August 28 2000 2
Santana High School shooting Santee, California March 5 2001 2
Granite Hills High School shooting El Cajon, California March 22 2001 0
Martin Luther King, Jr. High School shooting Manhattan, New York January 15 2002 0
Appalachian School of Law shooting Grundy, Virginia January 16 2002 3
John McDonogh High School shooting New Orleans, Louisiana April 14 2003 1
University of Arizona Nursing School shooting Tucson, Arizona October, 28 2002 4
Red Lion Area Junior High School shootings Red Lion, Pennsylvania April 24 2003 2
Case Western Reserve University shooting Cleveland, Ohio May 9 2003 1
Rocori High School shooting Cold Spring, Minnesota September 24 2003 2
Columbia High School shooting East Greenbush, New York February 9 2004 0
Fairleigh Dickinson University shooting Florham Park, New Jersey April 4 2004 2
Randallstown High School shooting Randallstown, Maryland May 7 2004 0
Red Lake Senior High School massacre Red Lake, Minnesota March 21 2005 8
Campbell County High School shooting Jacksboro, Tennessee November 8 2005 1
Pine Middle School shooting Reno, Nevada March 14 2006 0
Essex Elementary School shooting[51] Essex, Vermont August 24 2006 2
Orange High School shooting Hillsborough, North Carolina August 30 2006 1
Platte Canyon High School shooting Bailey, Colorado September 27 2006 2
Weston High School shooting Cazenovia, Wisconsin September 29 2006 1
Amish school shooting Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania October 2 2006 6
Henry Foss High School shooting Tacoma, Washington January 3 2007 1
Herbert Henry Dow High School Midland, Michigan March 8 2007 1
University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro, North Carolina March 24 2007 0[52]
University of Washington shooting Seattle, Washington April 2 2007 2
Virginia Tech massacre Blacksburg, Virginia April 16 2007 32
Delaware State University shooting Dover, Delaware September 21 2007 1
SuccessTech Academy shooting Cleveland, Ohio October 10 2007 1
Louisiana Technical College shooting Baton Rouge, Louisiana February 8 2008 3
Mitchell High School shooting Memphis, Tennessee February 11 2008 0
E.O. Green School shooting Oxnard, California February 12 2008 1
Northern Illinois University massacre DeKalb, Illinois February 14 2008 6
Davidson High School Shooting Mobile, Alabama March 9 2008 1
Central High School shooting Knoxville, Tennessee August 21 2008 1
Henry Ford High School shooting Detroit, Michigan October 16 2008 1
2008 University of Central Arkansas shootings Conway, Arkansas October 27 2008 2
Dillard High School shooting Fort Lauderdale, Florida November 12 2008 1
Henry Ford Community College shooting Dearborn, Michigan April 10 2009 2
Hampton University Hampton, Virginia April 26 2009 0
Covina High School shooting Covina, California April 30 2009 0[53]
Wesleyan University1 Middletown, Connecticut May 1 2009 1
Canandaigua Academy shooting Canandaigua, New York May 5 2009 1
Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 18 2009 1[54]
Larose-Cut Off Middle School shooting Larose, Louisiana May 18 2009 1
Skyline College shooting San Bruno, California September 2 2009 0
Atlanta University Center Atlanta, Georgia September 3 2009 1[55]
Deer Valley High School shooting Antioch, California September 16 2009 0
Northern Virginia Community College Woodbridge, Virginia December 8 2009 0
Discovery Middle School Madison, Alabama February 5 2010 1[56]
University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville, Alabama February 12 2010 3[57]
Deer Creek Middle School Littleton, Colorado February 23 2010 0[58]
Birney Elementary School? Tacoma, Washington February 26 2010
Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio March 9 2010 2[59]
Belleville Township HS East Belleville, Illinois August 17 2010 1[60]
University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas September 28 2010 1[61]
Alisal High School Salinas, California October 1 2010 1[62][63]
Mid-Atlantic Christian University Elizabeth City, North Carolina October 3 2010 1[64]
Kelly Elementary School Carlsbad, California October 8 2010 0[65][66]
Marinette High School Marinette, Wisconsin November 29 2010 1[67]
Millard South High School shooting Omaha, Nebraska, United States January 5 2011 2[68]
Martinsville West Middle School Martinsville, Indiana March 25 2011 0[69]
Worthing High School Houston, Texas March 30 2011 1[70]
Ross Elementary School Houston, Texas April 19 2011 0[71]
San Jose State University San Jose, California May 10 2011 3[72]
Pearl City Middle School Pearl City, Hawaii May 23 2011 1[73]
Cape Fear High School shooting Fayetteville, North Carolina October 24 2011 0[74]
2011 Virginia Tech shooting Blacksburg, Virginia December 8 2011 2 [75]

Canada

Name Location Date Year Death toll Notes
Altona schoolhouse shooting Altona, Manitoba October 10 1902 2
Centennial Secondary School shooting Brampton, Ontario May 28 1975 2 [76]
St Pius X High School School Ottawa, Ontario October 27 1975 1 [77]
École Polytechnique Massacre Montreal, Quebec December 6 1989 14 [78]
Concordia University massacre Montreal, Quebec August 24 1992 4 [79]
W. R. Myers High School shooting Taber, Alberta April 28 1999 1 [80]
Dawson College shooting Montreal, Quebec September 13 2006 1 [81]
C. W. Jefferys Collegiate Institute shooting Toronto, Ontario May 23 2007 1 [82]
Bendale Business and Technical Institute shooting Toronto, Ontario September 16 2008 0 [83]
Central Technical School shooting Toronto, Ontario September 30 2010 0 [84]

Europe

Name Location Date Year Death toll Notes
Bremen school shooting Bremen, Germany June 20 1913 5
Cologne school massacre Cologne, Germany June 11 1964 10
Eppstein school shooting Eppstein, Germany June 3 1983 6
Rauma school shooting Rauma, Finland January 24 1989 2 [85]
Aarhus University Shooting Aarhus, Denmark April 5 1994 3 [86]
Dunblane massacre Dunblane, United Kingdom March 13 1996 18 [87]
Erfurt massacre Erfurt, Germany April 26 2002 17 [88]
Coburg shooting Coburg, Germany July 3 2003 1 [89]
Terra College The Hague, Netherlands January 2004 1 [90]
Grund- und Hauptschule von Rötz shooting Rötz (Oberpfalz), Germany March 7 2005 0 [91]
Geschwister Scholl School attack Emsdetten, Germany November 20 2006 1 [92]
Jokela school shooting Tuusula, Finland November 7 2007 9 [93]
Kauhajoki school shooting Kauhajoki, Finland September 23 2008 11 [94]
Winnenden school shooting Winnenden, Germany March 11 2009 16 [95]
OAED Vocational College shooting Athens, Greece April 10 2009 1
Kanebogen elementary school shooting Harstad, Norway April 28 2009 0 [96]
University of Pécs shooting Pécs, Hungary November 26 2009 1 [97]

South America, Asia and Australia

Name Location Date/Year Death toll Notes
Ma'alot massacre Ma'alot, Israel May 15, 1974 25
Sanaa massacre Sana'a, Yemen March 30, 1997 6 [98]
University of the Philippines shooting Quezon City, Philippines February 19, 1999 1 [99]
La Trobe University shooting Melbourne, Australia August 3, 1999 1
Monash University shooting Melbourne, Australia October 21, 2002 2 [100]
Pak Phanang school shooting Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand June 6, 2003 2 [101]
Islas Malvinas School shooting Carmen de Patagones, Argentina September 28, 2004 4 [102]
Beirut Arab University shooting Beirut, Lebanon January 25, 2007 4 [103]
Euro International school shooting Gurgaon, India December 12, 2007 1 [104]
Mercaz HaRav shooting Jerusalem, Israel March 6, 2008 9 [105]
Azerbaijan State Oil Academy shooting Baku, Azerbaijan April 30, 2009 13 [106]
Realengo massacre Rio de Janeiro, Brazil April 7, 2011 13 [107]

Impact

Political impact

School shootings have had a political impact, spurring some to press for more stringent gun control laws. The National Rifle Association is opposed to such laws, and some groups have called for fewer gun control laws, citing cases of armed students ending shootings and halting further loss of life, and claiming that the prohibitions against carrying a gun in schools do not deter the gunmen.[108] One such example is the Mercaz HaRav Massacre, where the attacker was not stopped by police but rather a student, Yitzhak Dadon, who stopped the attacker by shooting him with his personal firearm which he lawfully carried concealed. At a Virginia law school, there is a disputed claim that two students retrieved pistols from their cars and stopped the attacker without firing a shot. Also, at a Mississippi high school, the Vice Principal retrieved a firearm from his vehicle and then eventually stopped the attacker as he was driving away from the school. In other cases, such as shootings at Columbine and Red Lake High Schools, the presence of an armed police officer did nothing to prevent or shorten the shootings.

A ban on the ownership of handguns was introduced in the United Kingdom (with the exception of Northern Ireland) following the Dunblane massacre.[109]

Armed classrooms

For years, some areas in the US have allowed "armed classrooms" to deter (or truncate) future attacks, presumably by changing helpless victims into armed defenders. In 2008, Harrold Independent School District in Texas became the first public school district in the U.S. to allow teachers with state-issued firearm-carry permits to carry their arms in the classroom; special additional training and ricochet-resistant ammunition were required for participating teachers.[110] Students at the University of Utah have been allowed to carry concealed pistols (so long as they possess the appropriate state license) since a State Supreme Court decision in 2006.[111][112]

A commentary in the conservative National Review Online argues that the armed school approach for preventing school attacks, while new in the US, has been used successfully for many years in Israel and Thailand.[113] Teachers and school officials in Israel are allowed and encouraged to carry firearms if they have former military experience in the IDF, which almost all do. However, statistics on what percentage of teachers are actually armed are unavailable.

See also

School portal
Criminal justice portal

References

  1. ^ National Center for Education Statistics' Violence and Discipline Problems in U.S. Public Schools, 1996-97.
  2. ^ "'Profiling' School Shooters". Frontline. March 17, 2007. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kinkel/profile/. Retrieved March 17, 2007. 
  3. ^ "The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative" (PDF). May 1, 2002. http://www.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/preventingattacksreport.pdf. 
  4. ^ PBS article on murder profiles
  5. ^ Bill Dedman, Deadly Lessons: School Shooters Tell Why, description of Secret Service study. (October 15, 2000) Chicago Sun-Times. Accessed April 8, 2006
  6. ^ Herbert, Bob (October 16, 2006). "Why Aren't We Shocked?". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/2006/10/16/opinion/16herbert.html?_r=1&n=Top%2fOpinion%2fEditorials%20and%20Op%2dEd%2fOp%2dEd%2fColumnists%2fBob%20Herbert&oref=slogin. 
  7. ^ "Police: Female student kills 2 others, self at Louisiana college - CNN.com". February 8, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/02/08/la.tech.shooting/index.html. 
  8. ^ "Parole Denied to Female School Shooter". San Diego 6. 13. AUG 2009. http://www.sandiego6.com/news/local/story/Parole-Denied-to-Female-School-Shooter/KpiLi_9WGU6hA9VcywL_Uw.cspx. Retrieved 16. OCT 2010. 
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  14. ^ CNN (March 25, 1998). School shootings have high profile but occur infrequently.
  15. ^ Killingbeck, Donna. The Role of Television News in the Construction of School Violence as a 'Moral Panic." Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 8(3) (2001) 186-202
  16. ^ "Government Vows to Take Action Following Kauhajoki Shootings". YLE. http://www.yle.fi/news/id102402.html. Retrieved September 23, 2008. 
  17. ^ David, Dixon (2005). Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America. University of Oklahoma Press. 
  18. ^ Published: April 29, 1854, The New York Times
  19. ^ "Article 2 -- No Title", The New York Times, April 30, 1866, http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20C16FB3D551A7493C2AA178FD85F428684F9, retrieved 2011-11-16 
  20. ^ Published: The New York Times, June 9, 1867
  21. ^ Published: The New York Times, December 26, 1868
  22. ^ Published: March 10, 1873,The New York Times
  23. ^ Published: May 26, 1879,The New York Times
  24. ^ Published: The New York Times,March 7, 1884
  25. ^ Published: The New York Times, March 16, 1884
  26. ^ Published: The New York Times, July 5, 1886
  27. ^ Published: The New York Times, April 13, 1887
  28. ^ Published: The New York Times, June 13, 1887
  29. ^ Published: The New York Times, June 14, 1889
  30. ^ New York Times, April 10, 1891, pg. 2.
  31. ^ a b http://www.usnews.com/news/national/articles/2008/02/15/timeline-of-school-shootings?PageNr=3
  32. ^ Center to Prevent Handgun Violence,Caught in the Crossfire: A Report on Gun Violence in Our Nation’s Schools,1225 Eye Street, NW, Suite 1100,Washington, DC 20005(202/289-7319)
  33. ^ American School Health Association,Association for the Advancement of Health Education,Society for Public Health Education,National Adolescent Student Health Survey, 1987
  34. ^ Richmond Times-Dispatch - Schoolgirl Shot in Face on Bus Here; Richmond Times-Dispatch - Police Hold Schoolboy in Shooting
  35. ^ Houston Chronicle - 6 Shot, Injured at Homecoming; Houston Chronicle - Fight Occurred At School Before Shootings
  36. ^ The Seattle Times - 2 Slain as Junior-High Romance Turns Sour; The Seattle Times - 3 Die as Teen Romance Sours - Shooting at School in Spanaway Leaves Girl, 2 Boys Dead; The Seattle Times - Spanaway Tragedy - Coping with Horror, Helplessness, Loss
  37. ^ Houston Chronicle - Janitor Shot to Death by 13-Year-Old Student
  38. ^ "School massacres in the US". AFP. April 17, 2007. http://www.news.com.au/top-stories/school-massacres-in-the-us/story-e6frfkp9-1111113356471#ixzz1dnseSeRC. 
  39. ^ Jay Mathews, Matt Lait, "Rifleman slays five at school", Washington Post, Jan, 18, 1989, pg. A1.
  40. ^ The Harvard School of Public Health The Joyce Foundation, Chicago, Illinois A Survey of Experiences, Perceptions, and Apprehensions about Guns Among Young People in America, The Joyce Foundation LH Research, 312/782-2464 212/332-2950
  41. ^ Source: National School Safety Center report (includes school-associated violent deaths on private or public school property for kindergarten through grade 12). http://www.schoolsafety.us/media-resources/school-associated-violent-deaths
  42. ^ National School Safety Center, School Safety Statistics, December 2006 p.15
  43. ^ a b Time Line of Worldwide School Shootings — Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0777958.html#ixzz1dKy7XIqF
  44. ^ Time Line of Worldwide School Shootings — Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0777958.html#ixzz1dKykCKT6
  45. ^ Time Line of Worldwide School Shootings — Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0777958.html#ixzz1dKzIqLoz
  46. ^ Time Line of Worldwide School Shootings — Infoplease.com,http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0777958.html#ixzz1dL0AnIAt
  47. ^ Time Line of Worldwide School Shootings — Infoplease.com,http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0777958.html#ixzz1dL2Dzdbn
  48. ^ Time Line of Worldwide School Shootings — Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0777958.html#ixzz1dL2mTDxq
  49. ^ a b c Time Line of Worldwide School Shootings — Infoplease.com,http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0777958.html#ixzz1dL3D6QYr
  50. ^ Time Line of Worldwide School Shootings — Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0777958.html#ixzz1dL4Ube9n
  51. ^ http://www.wcax.com/Global/story.asp?s=5324836
  52. ^ The victim, Stephen Cobb, was shot by Brian Patrick Martin when an argument about a potential drug deal that went bad. http://www.uncg.edu/ure/news/stories/2007/March/UNCGUNCGInvestigatingShootingatResidenceHall.032507.htm
  53. ^ THOMAS WATKINS (2009-05-01). "SoCal Students plan shooting". Associated Press (San Francisco Chronicle). http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2009/05/01/state/n161259D12.DTL&type=health. Retrieved 2009-05-01. 
  54. ^ Justin Cosby, 21, was shot sometime before 5 p.m. Monday in J-Entry of Kirkland House. The Harvard University Police responded at approximately 4:48 p.m., and Cosby was taken to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, where he died http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/5/20/justin-cosby-21-dies-after-shooting/
  55. ^ Sophomore Jasmine Lynn was shot around 12:30 a.m. Thursday September 3, 2009 on James P. Brawley Drive in the Atlanta University Center, according to the Fulton County Medical Examiner’s office. http://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta/students-question-campus-safety-130043.html
  56. ^ The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/05/AR2010020503272.html. 
  57. ^ The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/02/12/us/AP-US-AlaUniversityShoo.html?src=twt&twt=nytimes. 
  58. ^ http://www.kdvr.com/news/kdvr-school-shooting-022310,0,7616995.story
  59. ^ http://president.osu.edu/speeches/campus_shooting_statement.php
  60. ^ http://www.stlpd.com/bellevilleshootings
  61. ^ Hayes, Kevin (September 28, 2010). "University of Texas Shooting: Shots Fired on UT Campus, One Gunman Dead, Second Possible Suspect Sought". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-20017865-504083.html. 
  62. ^ "Student Dies From Gun Shots at Alisal High School". Kion Right Now. 2010-10-02. http://www.kionrightnow.com/Global/story.asp?S=13251739. Retrieved 2010-10-02. 
  63. ^ "Teen Shot At Alisal High School". MSNBC. 2010-10-02. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39460731/ns/local_news-monterey_ca/. Retrieved 2010-10-02. 
  64. ^ http://hamptonroads.com/2010/10/elizabeth-city-university-identifies-student-slain-campus?cid=ltst
  65. ^ Los Angeles Times. http://mobile.latimes.com/wap/news/text.jsp?sid=294&nid=24350854&cid=16680&scid=-1&ith=2&title=L.A.+NOW. 
  66. ^ "School shooting suspect got 'street justice,' witness says [Updated"]. Los Angeles Times. October 8, 2010. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/10/school-shooting-suspect-got-street-justice-witness-says.html. 
  67. ^ http://ehextra.com/main.asp?SectionID=12&SubSectionID=35&ArticleID=9048
  68. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/01/06/nebraska.school.shooting/index.html?hpt=T2 The Vice-Principal died and the Principal is currently in serious but stable condition. The gunman also died by his own hands.
  69. ^ "1 shot at Indiana middle school". CNN. March 26, 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/03/25/indiana.school.shooting/index.html. 
  70. ^ http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7498506.html
  71. ^ www.cnn.com/2011/US/04/19/texas.school.gun.accident/
  72. ^ "Three die in San Jose State campus shooting, including suspect". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-20061827-504083.html. 
  73. ^ http://www.kentucky.com/2011/05/23/1750336/minor-injuries-occur-when-gun.html
  74. ^ http://www.sott.net/articles/show/236665-North-Carolina-US-Cape-Fear-High-School-Shooting-Spurs-Hunt-for-Gunman
  75. ^ http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/08/shots-reported-on-virginia-tech-campus/?hp
  76. ^ The Brampton Centennial Secondary School massacre was a school shooting, which occurred at Brampton Centennial Secondary School in Brampton, Ontario. 16-year-old gunman Michael Slobodian shot and killed a fellow student, a teacher and injured 13 other students before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide in a school hallway. It was the first school shooting in Canada. Slobodian is the first recorded high-school killer in the country
  77. ^ The St. Pius X High School shooting was a school shooting that occurred on October 27, 1975, at St. Pius X High School in Ottawa, Ontario. Robert Poulin, an 18-year-old St. Pius student, opened fire on his classmates with a shotgun killing one and wounding five before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide. Poulin had raped and stabbed his 17-year-old friend Kim Rabot to death prior to the incident. A book entitled Rape of a Normal Mind was written about the incident.
  78. ^ The École Polytechnique Massacre, also known as the Montreal Massacre, occurred on December 6, 1989, at the École Polytechnique in Montreal, Quebec. Twenty-five-year-old Marc Lépine, armed with a legally obtained semi-automatic rifle and a hunting knife, shot twenty-eight people, killing fourteen (all of them women) and injuring the other fourteen before killing himself.
  79. ^ The Concordia University massacre was a school shooting on August 24, 1992, that resulted in the deaths of four people at Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec. The shooter was Dr. Valery Fabrikant, a former Associate Professor of mechanical engineering at Concordia and a colleague of the slain men.
  80. ^ The W. R. Myers High School shooting occurred on April 28, 1999, at W. R. Myers High School in Taber, Alberta, when a 14-year-old walked into his school and randomly shot at three students, killing Jason Lang and injuring another. One dead, one wounded in Alberta school shooting, cbc.ca, November 10, 1999. This shooting took place only eight days after the Columbine High School Massacre, and is widely believed to have been a copycat crime.
  81. ^ The Dawson College shooting occurred on September 13, 2006, at Dawson College, a CEGEP in Westmount near downtown Montreal, Quebec. The perpetrator, Kimveer Gill, began shooting outside the de Maisonneuve Boulevard entrance to the school, and moved towards the atrium by the cafeteria on the main floor. "The Montreal Killer Was a Death-Obsessed Goth". Toronto Daily News. September 14, 2006. http://www.torontodailynews.com/index.php/WorldNews/2006091420montreal-gunman. Retrieved September 15, 2006.  "Two gunmen open fire at Dawson College". The Gazette. September 13, 2006. http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=6332c17e-c92a-4427-a98d-4678301674e3. Retrieved September 13, 2006.  One victim died at the scene, while another 19 were injured, eight of whom were listed in critical condition with six requiring surgery. "Press Release". Service de police de la ville de Montréal. September 13, 2006. http://www.spvm.qc.ca/fr/documentation/3_1_2_communiques.asp?nocomm=389.  "UPDATE 7-Gunman kills one, wounds 19 at Montreal college". Reuters. September 13, 2006. http://today.reuters.com/news/articlebusiness.aspx?type=tnBusinessNews&storyID=nN13394701. Retrieved September 14, 2006.  "Woman, gunman dead in Montreal school rampage". CBC News. September 13, 2006. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/09/13/shots-dawson.html. Retrieved September 13, 2006.  The shooter later committed suicide by shooting himself in the head, after being shot in the arm by police. "Montreal gunman killed himself: autopsy". CBC. September 14, 2006. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/09/14/qc-dawsoninvestigation.html. Retrieved September 15, 2006. 
  82. ^ Two 17-year-old Canadian citizens, whom the media can not identify under the provisions of Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act, were arrested on May 27, 2007, and charged with the first-degree murder of a 15-year-old student at the C. W. Jefferys Collegiate Institute. Prior to one of the arrests, police had taken the unusual step of obtaining a judicial order to publish one suspect's name and photograph as he was considered armed and dangerous. Media reported his identity and photo, then had to take the stories off their websites after he was arrested hours later.
  83. ^ A 16-year-old boy was shot in the chest in the school's parking lot following an altercation involving several people. No name has yet been released. On September 17, 2008, Toronto Police announced it had made 2 arrests of these shooting suspects; 18-year-old Mark Deicsics, has been charged with robbery while armed with a firearm and fail to comply with recognizance and the victim of the shooting and 16-year-old teen, has been charged with robbery while armed with a firearm. His name cannot be released under the limitation's in Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act.
  84. ^ At around 1:00 PM EST there was a confrontation between 4 students, at least one gunshot was fired from a semi-automatic pistol. The school was placed under lockdown until 4:45 pm EST. Two suspects were apprehended by the Toronto Police Service but were not charged, one fled and was sought as a suspect until 7:30 pm EST when he was taken into custody. It was discovered he was a victim. One teen currently remains to be apprehended, and no one was seriously hurt or killed.
  85. ^ Two students were fatally shot by a 14-year-old student at the Raumanmeri secondary school. The shooter had claimed to be a victim of bullying.
  86. ^ University student shoots and kills three and wounds two others before taking his own life.
  87. ^ The Dunblane massacre was a multiple murder-suicide which occurred at Dunblane Primary School in the Scottish town of Dunblane on March 13, 1996. Sixteen children and one adult were killed, in addition to the attacker, who committed suicide. It remains the deadliest attack on children in United Kingdom history.
  88. ^ The Erfurt massacre was a school shooting that occurred on April 26, 2002, at the Johann Gutenberg Gymnasium in Erfurt, Germany. Sixteen people were killed before the perpetrator committed suicide. The victims comprised 13 school staff (12 teachers and one administrator), two students and one police officer. In addition, seven people were injured.
  89. ^ 16-year-old student shoots two of his teachers before taking his own life.
  90. ^ Principal (H. van Wieren) shot in the head by a student .
  91. ^ After being ordered to leave the classroom a 14-year-old student returns with a gun threatening the life of the 35-year-old class teacher. During a struggle the weapon is fired, the weapon is removed from the student. Investigators' findings state that the student did not intend to kill the teacher, but himself. No one was injured.
  92. ^ Bastian Bosse, an 18-year-old male, and former student, had fired shots with a front loader and a sawed-off shotgun on campus, threw a molotow cocktail outside the school, and lid a pipe bomb upon arrival of the police. The incident ended with 37 people injured, including 19 students (three girls and a boys suffered gunshot wounds), one teachers, 16 police officers (most suffering from smoke inhalation), and the custodian who was shot in the abdomen inside the school. The shooter took his own life. A total of 13 pipe/smoke bombs and four shot guns where found (five smoke bombs in a backpack near the body of the student, four in the car, three where strapped to the body, one was set off by police while on school grounds).
  93. ^ The incident resulted in the deaths of nine people: five male students (ages 16-18) and one female adult student (age 25) the school principal, Helena Kalmi (age 61); the school nurse (age 43); and the gunman, Auvinen, himself, who was also one of the school's students. One other person suffered gunshot wounds, and eleven people were injured by shattering glass while escaping from the school building. The day before the incident, Auvinen posted a video on YouTube predicting the massacre at the school.
  94. ^ -
  95. ^ Former 17-year-old student kills 16, injuring nine others.
  96. ^ Nine-year-old pupil fires shotgun in schoolyard; nobody is injured.
  97. ^ 23-year-old student entered the building of the university's biophysics research institute and opened fire in the classroom.One man died in the shooting. Earlier two people were reported to be in a critical condition, a third in serious condition.
  98. ^ The Sanaa massacre was a school massacre that occurred in Sana'a, Yemen, on March 30, 1997. Mohammad Ahman al-Naziri, 48, attacked hundreds of pupils at two schools, killing six children and two adults with an assault rifle. Naziri, whose five children attended the Tala'i school, alleged that one of his daughters had been raped by the school administrator. No evidence was found of this. Naziri was sentenced to death the next day and executed on April 5, 1997.
  99. ^ A student was shot dead by a fraternity member after being mistaken for a member of the rival fraternity.
  100. ^ The Monash University shooting refers to a shooting in which a student shot his classmates and teacher, killing two and injuring five. It took place at Monash University in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, on October 21, 2002.
  101. ^ 17-year-old Anatcha Boonkwan killed two, injured four of his fellow students after losing a fist-fight with one of his classmates.
  102. ^ Four students killed and five wounded by a 15-year-old student in a town 620 miles south of Buenos Aires. Crisis Management: The Case of School Schootings - Case Study: "Islas Malvinas" Middle School
  103. ^ Four people were shot dead in clashes between pro- and anti-government activists on Thursday and about 200 were hurt in the violence that flared after a scuffle between students at a Beirut university. The opposition accused the government camp of starting the riots and the four dead included two Hezbollah students, who were fired at from rooftops.
  104. ^ The Euro International school shooting occurred on December 12, 2007 at Euro International, a private secondary school in Gurgaon, Haryana, India. The gunmen were 14-year-old Akash Yadav and 13-year-old Vikas Yadav, who were both students at the school, shot and killed a 14-year-old student.
  105. ^ Alaa Abu Dhein, an Israeli Arabic yeshiva bus driver, entered the Mercaz HaRav yeshiva with guns blazing, killing eight and wounding seven, before being shot dead himself by a part-time student. This incident, as do many massacres in the Levant, soon took on racial and religious overtones, pitting Palestinians and Israeli Arabs against Jews.
  106. ^ Azerbaijan Oil Academy mass shooting, 30 April 2009
  107. ^ [6] A former student (23) shot at least 13 people inside the school, before turning the gun on himself
  108. ^ A discussion of the reasoning behind gun free zone, 2007-2008.
  109. ^ "New Year gun amnesty planned". BBC News. December 27, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2609427.stm. Retrieved July 14, 2009. 
  110. ^ James C. McKinley Jr.: "In Texas School, Teachers Carry Books and Guns" New York Times, August 28, 2008
  111. ^ "Guns on college campuses allowed in U.S. state Utah" The Associated Press, in The International Herald Tribune, April 27, 2007
  112. ^ "Utah Supreme Court Shoots down University of Utah Gun Ban" September 9, 2006, John Lott's Website
  113. ^ Dave Kopel: "Follow the Leader: Israel and Thailand set an example by arming teachers." National Review Online, September 2, 2004

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